Awareness of the Black Panther Party for Self-Defense grew rapidly after their May 2, 1967 protest at the California State Assembly.
In May 1967, the Panthers invaded the , guns in hand, in what appears to have been a . Still, they scared a lot of important people that day. At the time, the Panthers had almost no following. Now, (a year later) however, their leaders speak on invitation almost anywhere radicals gather, and many whites wear "Honkeys for " buttons, supporting the fight to free Newton, who has been in jail since last Oct. 28 (1967) on the charge that he killed a policeman." Rules The Ten Point Program We believe that black people will not be free until we are able to determine our destiny. We believe that the federal government is responsible and obligated to give every man employment or a guaranteed income. We believe that if the white American businessmen will not give full employment, then the means of production should be taken from the businessmen and placed in the community so that the people of the community can organize and employ all of its people and give a high standard of living. We believe that this racist government has robbed us and now we are demanding the overdue debt of forty acres and two mules. Forty acres and two mules was promised 100 years ago as restitution for slave labor and mass murder of black people. We will accept the payment as currency which will be distributed to our many communities. The Germans are now aiding the Jews in Israel for the genocide of the Jewish people. The Germans murdered six million Jews. The American racist has taken part in the slaughter of over 50 million black people; therefore, we feel that this is a modest demand that we make. We believe that if the white landlords will not give decent housing to our black community, then the housing and the land should be made into cooperatives so that our community, with government aid, can build and make decent housing for its people. We believe in an educational system that will give to our people a knowledge of self. If a man does not have knowledge of himself and his position in society and the world, then he has little chance to relate to anything else. We believe that black people should not be forced to fight in the military service to defend a racist government that does not protect us. We will not fight and kill other people of color in the world who, like black people, are being victimized by the white racist government of America. We will protect ourselves from the force and violence of the racist police and the racist military, by whatever means necessary. We believe we can end police brutality in our black community by organizing black self-defense groups that are dedicated to defending our black community from racist police oppression and brutality. The Second Amendment to the Constitution of the United States gives a right to bear arms. We therefore believe that all black people should arm themselves for self defense. We believe that all black people should be released from the many jails and prisons because they have not received a fair and impartial trial. We believe that the courts should follow the United States Constitution so that black people will receive fair trials. The 14th Amendment of the U.S. Constitution gives a man a right to be tried by his peer group. A peer is a person from a similar economic, social, religious, geographical, environmental, historical and racial background. To do this the court will be forced to select a jury from the black community from which the black defendant came. We have been, and are being tried by all-white juries that have no understanding of the "average reasoning man" of the black community. When in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. We hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But, when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariable the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Action Survival programs Political activities Conflict with law enforcement Conflict with COINTELPRO Controversy Violence Murder of Betty van Patter Decline Aftermath New Black Panther Party The National Alliance of Black Panthers See also International Notes, Curtis. Life of A Party. Crisis ; Sep/Oct2006, Vol. 113 Issue 5, p30-37, 8p
. Encyclop dia Britannica. Retrieved March 27, 2008.
Jessica Christina Harris. Revolutionary Black Nationalism: The Black Panther Party." Journal of Negro History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (Summer, 2000), pp. 162 174
^ Asante, Molefi K. (2005). Encyclopedia of Black Studies. Sage Publications Inc.. pp. 135 137. .
Newton, Huey (October 15, 1966). .
Lazerow, Jama; Yohuru R. Williams (2006). In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University: Duke University Press.pg. 46
[ ]. . Retrieved June 5, 2006.
Seale, Bobby (September 1997). Seize the Time (Reprint ed.). Black Classic Press. pp. 23, 256, 383.
^ Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. pp. 152. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3 .
Westneat, Danny (June 1, 2005). . The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 5, 2006.
Black Panthers Facts
^ Lazerow, Jama; Yohuru R. Williams (2006). In Search of the Black Panther Party: New Perspectives on a Revolutionary Movement. Duke University: Duke University Press.
Clayborne Carson . (Davis, Angela Y. The Angela Y. Davis Reader Blackwell Publishers (1998))
Ellis, Catherine; Smith, Stephen Drury, eds. (2010). Say It Loud!: Great Speeches on Civil Rights and African American Identity. New York: The New Press. p. 70. ISBN [ ]. "FBI director J. Edgar Hoover ordered a wide-ranging counterintelligence program designed to 'expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit, or otherwise neutralize' the Black Panther Party and other black liberation groups. Enlisting local law enforcement agencies nationwide, the FBI 'declared war on the Panthers.'"
Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. pp. 180 181. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3 .
Phillip Forner . The Black Panthers speak. 2002
Up Against the Wall, Curtis Austin, University of Arkansas Press, Fayettevill, 2006, p. 331
Barksdale, M. C. (1984). "Robert F. Williams and the Indigenous Civil Rights Movement in Monroe, North Carolina, 1961". The Journal of Negro History69(2): 73 89. doi :10.2307/2717599 . JSTOR 2717599 .
Lowndes County Freedom Organization The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed
For more on this, see Pearson 1994, page 109. The Mulford Act later revoked the right to openly bear arms.
^ Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3 .
Black Panthers: A Taut, Violent Drama New York Times
^ Pearson 1994, pp. 3 4, 283 91
Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3 .
Up Against the Wall, Curtis Austin, University of Arkansas Press, Fayettevill, 2006, p. 80
^ Kate Coleman, 1980, "Souled Out: Eldridge Cleaver Admits He Ambushed Those Cops." New West Magazine.
^ A discussion of the event can be found in Epstein, Edward Jay. The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide? The New Yorker, (February 13, 1971) page 4 (Accessed here June 8, 2007)
Pearson, Hugh (1994). In the Shadow of the Panther: Huey Newton and the Price of Black Power in America. Perseus Books. pp. 152 158. ISBN 978-0-201-48341-3 .
Pearson 1994, page 175
Up Against the Wall, Curtis Austin, University of Arkansas Press, Fayettevill, 2006, p.170
Lilia Fernandez, Latina/o Migration and Community Formation in Postwar Chicago: Mexicans, Puerto Ricans, Gender and Politics, 1945-1975 (PhD Dissertation:2005)
Chuck Armsbury with the Patriot Party
Black Panther Party Platform, Program, and Rules
Up Against the Wall, Curtis Austin, University of Arkansas Press, Fayetteville, 2006, p. 353-55
Contemporary American Voices: Significant Speeches in American History: 1945 present, by James Robertson Andrews & David Zarefsky, Longman, 1992, pg 105
Jones, Charles Earl. The Black Panther Reconsidered . Black Classic Press, 1998. Pg. 186
^ Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. 1st ed. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. Pg.391
Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. 1st ed.. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. Pg.392
Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. 1st ed.. New York: Pantheon Books, 1992. Pg.393
afroamhistory.about.com . Retrieved December 17, 2005.
PBS program P.O.V. and being published in Introduction to Black Panther 1968: Photographs by Ruth-Marion Baruch and Pirkle Jones, (Greybull Press). Black Panthers 1968
Michael Newton The encyclopedia of American law enforcement. 2007
End of Watch , Southern Poverty Law Center
Stohl, Michael. The Politics of Terrorism CRC Press. Page 249
Gentry, Curt, J. Edgar Hoover: The Man and the Secrets. W. W. Norton & Company (2001) page 622
. Itsabouttimebpp.com. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Pearson 1994, page 109
David Farber. The Age of Great Dreams: America in the 1960s. p. 207.
Pearson 1994, 129
Pearson 1994, page 3
Pearson 1994, page 206 discusses many of these events, including a partial list from the summer of 1968 through the end of 1970
The Oregonian Vol CX-34175
Edward Jay Epstein, The Black Panthers and the Police: A Pattern of Genocide?. New Yorker (February 13, 1971)
Frank Browning. The Strange Journey of David Horowitz. Mother Jones Magazine. May 1987, pg 34
David Horowitz's claim about van Patten's death is often discussed on blogs. It is mentioned in an American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research book review of Horowitz's Radical Son: A Generational Odyssey called All's Left in the World . Horowitz's credibility as a critic of the left and especially of the Black Panther Party is called into question in Elaine Brown's The Condemnation of Little B: New Age Racism in America. Beacon Press (February 15, 2003) pg. 250 251.
Horowitz, David. "Who Killed Betty Van Patter?" December 13, 1999. Salon.com.
Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman s Story. (New York: Doubleday, 1992).
Jones, Charles E. (1998) The Black Panther Party. Baltimore, MD: Black Classic Press.
Marxist Internet Archive: The Black Panther Party
^ Perkins, Margo V. Autobiography As Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties. University Press of Mississippi. Jackson,2000. p. 5.
Perkins, Margo V. Autobiography As Activism: Three Black Women of the Sixties. University Press of Mississippi. Jackson,2000. p. 5, 13.
Brown, Elaine. A Taste of Power: A Black Woman's Story. Double Day. New York, 1992. pp. 444 450.
Pearson 1994, pp. 299
2006 Homicide Report: An Analysis of Homicides in Oakland from January through December, 2006. February 8, 2007. Accessed August 9, 2008.
Pacific News Service. Earl Ofari Hutchinson, August 13, 2002. Black on Black Why Inner-City Murder Rates Are Soaring. Accessed August 9, 2008.
An Interview with Eldridge Cleaver - Reason Magazine
Interview With Eldridge Cleaver The Two Nations Of Black America FRONTLINE PBS
Photos of the Black Panther Party, Oakland 2006
SFGate )
Black Liberation Army tied to 1971 slaying (via )
Los Angeles Times )
2nd guilty plea in 1971 killing of S.F. officer (via SFGate )
DelVecchio, Rick (Oct 25, 1997). .
. Splcenter.org. Retrieved August 27, 2010.
Dr. Huey P. Newton Foundation. .
Black Panther Party
References Bibliography Archives
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